A migraine attack can appear without any warning signs. A migraine headache causes a pulsating and throbbing pain that usually persists on one side of the head. This type of pain is usually accompanied by severe sensitivity to bright light and noises. Blurred vision and lightheadedness may occur during a migraine episode. Nausea and vomiting can also occur. Migraines typically last for hours. In severe cases, the pain lasts for days.

Warning signs may warn of a coming migraine, including symptoms of increased thirst, urination, yawning and mood swings. Research shows that certain foods, as well as environmental factors may trigger a migraine. The hustle and bustle of a busy city, high crime rates, drastic weather changes, rush-hour traffic, pollution, nighttime lights and loud noises just to name a few, can cause an increase in stress. Therefore, triggering a migraine. Let us look at the 5 leading cities that have ranked the worst for migraine sufferers:

1. Cincinnati, OH
Cincinnati OH is among the top rated cities to avoid for headache sufferers. The northern city is known for frequent rain, lightning, thunder and heavy winter storms. The drastic changes in weather prompt the nagging headaches. People with busy lifestyles and sleep deprivation usually have experienced a migraine headache.

2. Knoxville, TN
Since high amounts of alcohol consumption is typical in a big city, this puts Knoxville TN as a contender for places to evade. Coffee is another beverage that is high in consumption in this area and is related to frequent headaches. Changes in barometric pressure is to blame for the rapid weather changes that are common in migraine sufferers. Because of seasonal changes many people mistake their migraine as a sinus related issue.

3. Madison, WI
Also known as the migraine hotspot by researchers. Humidity in the air places Madison WI near the top of places to avoid. Cheese, dairy products, chocolates and alcohol intake are common triggers in this northern region. Food cravings are another sign that a migraine is lingering.

4. Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR
Like the other cities mentioned, Little Rock-North Little Rock AR has shifts in barometric pressure that relates to the numerous storms. The drastic change in weather keeps a high number of people suffering from constant migraines. Research has shown that Little Rock has a higher percentage of prescriptions written for migraine relief medications. It is unknown if the amount of over-the-counter medication is used in the relief of sufferers.

5. St. Louis, MO
High pollen counts, hot, humid conditions and air pollution are the reasons St. Louis MO is ranked one of the worst places to live for those who suffer migraine attacks. Poor lifestyle choices that consist of whole milk and aged cheeses are associated with migraine attacks.